Bsc.CSIT Entrance Notes
Bsc-csitGeneral It•Updated: 5/7/2026
BSc CSIT ENTRANCE GENERAL IT NOTES
The IT section measures your understanding of basic computer and digital concepts crucial for CSIT study.
1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Definition
A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, stores it, and produces meaningful information.
Characteristics of Computer
- Speed
- Accuracy
- Automation
- Storage
- Reliability
- Versatility
Basic Components of Computer
Input Unit
Used to enter data into computer.
Examples:
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
Processing Unit
Processes data and instructions.
$$ CPU = \text{Central Processing Unit} $$
Output Unit
Displays processed information.
Examples:
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speaker
Storage Unit
Stores data and programs.
Examples:
- Hard Disk
- SSD
- Pen Drive
2. SOFTWARE
Definition
Software is a collection of programs and instructions.
Types of Software
System Software
Controls hardware and system operations.
Examples:
- Operating System
- Device Drivers
Application Software
Used to perform specific tasks.
Examples:
- MS Word
- Photoshop
- Browser
Operating System
Acts as an interface between user and hardware.
Examples:
- Windows
- Linux
- macOS
3. PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
Program
A set of instructions written to solve problems.
Programming Language
A language used to write computer programs.
Types of Programming Languages
Type | Example |
Low Level Language | Assembly |
High Level Language | C, Java, Python |
Algorithm
Step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.
Flowchart
Graphical representation of algorithm.
Compiler
Converts high-level language into machine language.
Interpreter
Executes program line by line.
4. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Data
Raw facts and figures.
Information
Processed and meaningful data.
Memory Units
Unit | Value |
1 Byte | 8 bits |
1 KB | 1024 Bytes |
1 MB | 1024 KB |
1 GB | 1024 MB |
Types of Memory
Primary Memory
- RAM
- ROM
Secondary Memory
- HDD
- SSD
- CD/DVD
RAM
Temporary memory.
$$ RAM = \text{Random Access Memory} $$
ROM
Permanent memory.
$$ ROM = \text{Read Only Memory} $$
5. MULTIMEDIA
Definition
Combination of text, audio, video, graphics, and animation.
Components of Multimedia
- Text
- Image
- Audio
- Video
- Animation
Applications of Multimedia
- Education
- Entertainment
- Advertising
- Communication
6. INTERNET
Definition
A worldwide network connecting millions of computers.
Uses of Internet
- Communication
- Research
- Online Learning
- E-Commerce
- Social Networking
Internet Services
- Email
- WWW
- File Transfer
- Video Conferencing
7. WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
Definition
A collection of interconnected web pages.
Web Browser
Software used to access websites.
Examples:
- Chrome
- Firefox
- Edge
Website
A collection of related web pages.
URL
$$ URL = \text{Uniform Resource Locator} $$
Used to identify web addresses.
8. EMAIL
Definition
Electronic mail used for digital communication.
Components of Email
- To
- CC
- BCC
- Subject
- Attachment
Advantages of Email
- Fast communication
- File sharing
- Low cost
9. SOCIAL MEDIA
Definition
Digital platforms used for communication and content sharing.
Examples
- Facebook
- Instagram
- YouTube
- X (Twitter)
- LinkedIn
Advantages
- Communication
- Marketing
- Education
Disadvantages
- Privacy issues
- Addiction
- Fake news
10. E-GOVERNANCE
Definition
Use of information technology in government services.
Objectives
- Transparency
- Efficiency
- Fast service delivery
Examples
- Online tax payment
- Digital citizenship services
- Online license system
11. DIGITAL FINANCE TOOLS
Definition
Digital systems used for financial transactions.
Examples
- Mobile Banking
- eSewa
- Khalti
- ConnectIPS
- Internet Banking
Advantages
- Fast transactions
- Easy payment
- Reduced cash handling
Security Measures
- Strong password
- OTP verification
- Two-factor authentication
12. CYBERSECURITY
Definition
Protection of computer systems and data from attacks.
Common Cyber Threats
Threat | Description |
Virus | Malicious software |
Malware | Harmful programs |
Phishing | Fake message scam |
Hacking | Unauthorized access |
Antivirus
Software used to protect computer systems.
Cyber Safety Rules
- Use strong passwords
- Avoid suspicious links
- Update software regularly
- Do not share OTP/password
13. NUMBER SYSTEM
Decimal Number System
Base:
$$ 10 $$
Digits:
$$ 0-9 $$
Binary Number System
Base:
$$ 2 $$
Digits:
$$ 0,1 $$
Octal Number System
Base:
$$ 8 $$
Digits:
$$ 0-7 $$
Hexadecimal Number System
Base:
$$ 16 $$
Digits:
$$ 0-9,A-F $$
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Example:
$$ (1011)_2 $$
$$ =1\times2^3+0\times2^2+1\times2^1+1\times2^0 $$
$$ =11_{10} $$
14. BOOLEAN LOGIC
Definition
Boolean logic deals with true and false values.
Boolean Values
$$ 1 = \text{True} $$
$$ 0 = \text{False} $$
Basic Logic Gates
Gate | Symbol |
AND | $\cdot$ |
OR | $+$ |
NOT | $\overline{A}$ |
AND Gate
$$ Y=A\cdot B $$
Truth Table:
A | B | Y |
0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
OR Gate
$$ Y=A+B $$
NOT Gate
$$ Y=\overline A $$
IMPORTANT COMPUTER TERMS SUMMARY
CPU
$$ CPU = \text{Central Processing Unit} $$
URL
$$ URL = \text{Uniform Resource Locator} $$
RAM
$$ RAM = \text{Random Access Memory} $$
ROM
$$ ROM = \text{Read Only Memory} $$
Binary Number System
$$ Base = 2 $$
Boolean Values
$$ 1=True $$
$$ 0=False $$