Bsc.CSIT Entrance Notes
Bsc-csitEnglish•Updated: 5/7/2026
BSc CSIT ENTRANCE ENGLISH NOTES
The English section assesses grammar, comprehension, and communication skills essential for university-level study.
1. ARTICLES
Definition
Articles are words used before nouns to indicate whether the noun is specific or general.
Types of Articles
Definite Article
$$ \text{the} $$
Used for specific nouns.
Example:
- The sun rises in the east.
Indefinite Articles
$$ a, an $$
Used for non-specific nouns.
Examples:
- A boy is playing.
- An apple is red.
Rules
Use “a” before consonant sounds
- a cat
- a university
Use “an” before vowel sounds
- an egg
- an honest man
2. TENSE
Definition
Tense shows the time of an action.
Present Tense
Simple Present
Structure
$$ Subject + V_1 + Object $$
Example:
- She plays football.
Present Continuous
Structure
$$ Subject + is/am/are + V_ing $$
Example:
- They are studying.
Past Tense
Simple Past
Structure
$$ Subject + V_2 + Object $$
Example:
- Ram went home.
Past Continuous
Structure
$$ Subject + was/were + V_ing $$
Example:
- She was reading.
Future Tense
Simple Future
Structure
$$ Subject + will + V_1 $$
Example:
- I will travel tomorrow.
3. TAG QUESTIONS
Definition
A short question added at the end of a statement.
Rules
Positive statement → Negative tag
- You are a student, aren’t you?
Negative statement → Positive tag
- She doesn’t sing, does she?
4. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Definition
Conditional sentences express conditions and results.
Zero Conditional
Structure
$$ If + Present, Present $$
Example:
- If you heat ice, it melts.
First Conditional
Structure
$$ If + Present, will + V_1 $$
Example:
- If it rains, I will stay home.
Second Conditional
Structure
$$ If + Past, would + V_1 $$
Example:
- If I were rich, I would travel.
Third Conditional
Structure
$$ If + had + V_3, would have + V_3 $$
Example:
- If she had studied, she would have passed.
5. PREPOSITIONS
Definition
Prepositions show relation between nouns and other words.
Common Prepositions
Preposition | Usage |
in | inside |
on | surface |
at | specific place/time |
under | below |
between | middle of two |
Examples
- The book is on the table.
- He lives in Kathmandu.
- She arrived at 5 PM.
6. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Rule
Verb must agree with subject in number and person.
Singular Subject → Singular Verb
- He plays cricket.
Plural Subject → Plural Verb
- They play cricket.
Important Rules
Each/Every takes singular verb
- Every student is present.
Either/Neither takes singular verb
- Neither boy was absent.
7. ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice
Subject performs the action.
Example:
- Ram writes a letter.
Passive Voice
Subject receives the action.
Example:
- A letter is written by Ram.
Structure
$$ Object + be + V_3 + by + Subject $$
8. DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech
Exact words are quoted.
Example:
- He said, “I am happy.”
Indirect Speech
Reported form of speech.
Example:
- He said that he was happy.
Rules
Pronouns may change
Tense usually changes
Direct | Indirect |
Present | Past |
Past | Past Perfect |
will | would |
9. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Basic Structure
$$ Subject + Verb + Object $$
Types of Sentences
Simple Sentence
Contains one independent clause.
Example:
- She sings beautifully.
Compound Sentence
Contains two independent clauses.
Example:
- I studied hard, and I passed.
Complex Sentence
Contains one independent and one dependent clause.
Example:
- I know that he is honest.
10. PREFIX-SUFFIX
Prefix
Added before root word.
Examples:
Prefix | Meaning |
un- | not |
re- | again |
dis- | opposite |
Examples:
- unhappy
- rewrite
Suffix
Added after root word.
Examples:
Suffix | Meaning |
-ness | state |
-ful | full of |
-tion | action |
Examples:
- kindness
- beautiful
11. CONNECTIVES
Definition
Words used to connect sentences or clauses.
Common Connectives
Connective | Usage |
and | addition |
but | contrast |
because | reason |
although | concession |
therefore | result |
Examples
- I was tired, but I continued.
- She stayed home because it rained.
12. WORD POWER
Synonyms
Words with similar meanings.
Example:
- Happy → Joyful
Antonyms
Words with opposite meanings.
Example:
- Hot → Cold
One Word Substitution
Phrase | One Word |
One who teaches | Teacher |
One who writes poems | Poet |
Idioms and Phrases
Example
- Once in a blue moon → Rarely
13. INTONATION
Definition
Rise and fall of voice while speaking.
Rising Intonation
Used in yes/no questions.
Example:
- Are you coming?
Falling Intonation
Used in statements and commands.
Example:
- Please sit down.
14. PRONOUNS
Definition
Pronouns replace nouns.
Types of Pronouns
Type | Example |
Personal | he, she, they |
Possessive | mine, yours |
Reflexive | himself |
Demonstrative | this, that |
Relative | who, which |
Examples
- She is my friend.
- This is beautiful.
- The boy who won is absent.
IMPORTANT GRAMMAR RULES SUMMARY
Subject-Verb Agreement
- Singular subject takes singular verb.
- Plural subject takes plural verb.
Article Usage
- Use “a” before consonant sound.
- Use “an” before vowel sound.
Active to Passive Formula
$$ Object + be + V_3 + by + Subject $$
Conditional Formula
First Conditional
$$ If + Present, will + V_1 $$
Sentence Structure Formula
$$ Subject + Verb + Object $$